The Spiking model of the Phalaenopsis
Introduction
The Siking Model.in formule
Table of contents
I. Illustration of the spiking model
I. Illustration of the spiking model
The spiking percentage is from 0% to 100%, its model is shown as:
Spiking percentage (P) = 100%
〔Mature index, 
〕
〔Accumulated cooling temperature index, ACT〕b1
〔Accumulated light intensity, ALI〕b2
〔Fertilization utilization index, FUI〕b3
〔Hormone concentration, HC〕b4 (1)
1. Mature index,
The value of is from 0 to 1. The numeric value is varied with the variety and carbon accumulation. The mini verities could reach 1.0 after six month’s culture time. The big white varieties require 18 month. If the culture conditions of temperature, light intensity, fertilization and other factors are normal, the
value could equal to 1.0. The immature index is used to express the maturing conditions.
2. Accumulated cooling index
(2)
ACT is used to express the accumulated cooling temperature. It is calculated by following equation:
(3)
where
is the spiking limitation temperature at day; 
is the day temperature of cooling room, 
is the day period in hr; 
is the spiking limitation temperature at night; 
is the night temperature of cooling room; and the night period in hr.
3. Accumulated Light Intensity, ALI
The definition of terms concerning light intensity is as follows:
: The light intensity in cooling room,
: The low limitation value of light intensity
: The high (endurance) limitation value of light intensity
: The accumulated hour for the light intensity of cooling room ranged from and.
a. If
＜, ALI=0 (4)
b. If＞, ACI=0 (5)
c. If＜＜,
ACL=
(6)
is the light intensity factor.
4. Fertilization Utilization Index, FUI
FUI=
(7)
where
is the applied quantity of Phosphorus; 
is the basic requirement of Phosphorus; 
is the applied quantity of Nitrogen, 
is the basic requirement of Nitrogen; 
is the applied quantity of other fertilizers; and 
is the basic quantity of other fertilizers.
is the limitation of Phosphorus, 
is the limitation of other fertilization. If ＞＞ or ＞, 
. The 
value is from 0 to 1 and affected by its characteristics of varieties.
5. Hormone concentration
The safety criterion of the Hormone concentration is
. If the applied concentration is higher than, the spiking model is meaningless.
II. Application of the spiking model
The equation (1) could be expressed as:
(8)
The parameters of b1, b2, b3 and b4 represent the effect of temperature, light intensity, fertilization concentration and Hormone concentration.
In the Netherlands, temperature and light intensity are domain factors. The research of Anthura b.v. indicated that
and 
It represents that the influence if temperature lies at around 60%. Light is 30% and other factors are occupied 10%.
A typical Phalaenopsis variety is cooled in this country. The typical index are:
. After six weeks’ cooling, ALI=0.985, FUI=1.0 and HC=1.0.
The spiking percentage is:
= 98.05% (9)
For the Taiwan orchid industry, the cooling temperature is main factor.
The spiking model used in Taiwan is:
(10)
That is, the temperature accumulation lies at 70%, and light intensity has 20% influencing ability, fertilization concentration have 8% influencing capacity and 2% for Hormone.
For the amabilis variety, the index are:
, By equation (10),
Table 1. Environmental factors of different stages for several main
Phalaenopsis varieties
Note: 1. Growing temperature at day and night, Tdg, Tng.
2. Pretreatment temperature at day and night, Tdp, Tnp.
3. Cooling temperature at day and night, Tdc, Tnc.
4. Spike extension temperature at day and night, Tde, Tne.
5. Blossoming temperature at day and night, Tdb, Tnb.
The spiking percentage is from 0% to 100%, its model is shown as:
Spiking percentage (P) = 100%
〔Mature index, 〕〔Accumulated cooling temperature index, ACT〕b1
〔Accumulated light intensity, ALI〕b2
〔Fertilization utilization index, FUI〕b3
〔Hormone concentration, HC〕b4 (1)
1. Mature index,
The value of
is from 0 to 1. The numeric value is varied with the variety and carbon accumulation. The mini verities could reach 1.0 after six month’s culture time. The big white varieties require 18 month. If the culture conditions of temperature, light intensity, fertilization and other factors are normal, the value could equal to 1.0. The immature index is used to express the maturing conditions.2. Accumulated cooling index
(2)ACT is used to express the accumulated cooling temperature. It is calculated by following equation:
(3)where
is the spiking limitation temperature at day; is the day temperature of cooling room, is the day period in hr; is the spiking limitation temperature at night; is the night temperature of cooling room; and the night period in hr.3. Accumulated Light Intensity, ALI
The definition of terms concerning light intensity is as follows:
: The light intensity in cooling room,: The low limitation value of light intensity: The high (endurance) limitation value of light intensity: The accumulated hour for the light intensity of cooling room ranged from and.a. If
＜, ALI=0 (4)b. If
＞, ACI=0 (5)c. If
＜＜,ACL=
(6) is the light intensity factor.4. Fertilization Utilization Index, FUI
FUI=
(7)where
is the applied quantity of Phosphorus; is the basic requirement of Phosphorus; is the applied quantity of Nitrogen, is the basic requirement of Nitrogen; is the applied quantity of other fertilizers; and is the basic quantity of other fertilizers. is the limitation of Phosphorus, is the limitation of other fertilization. If ＞＞ or ＞, . The value is from 0 to 1 and affected by its characteristics of varieties.5. Hormone concentration
The safety criterion of the Hormone concentration is
. If the applied concentration is higher than, the spiking model is meaningless.II. Application of the spiking model
The equation (1) could be expressed as:
(8)The parameters of b1, b2, b3 and b4 represent the effect of temperature, light intensity, fertilization concentration and Hormone concentration.
In the Netherlands, temperature and light intensity are domain factors. The research of Anthura b.v. indicated that
and It represents that the influence if temperature lies at around 60%. Light is 30% and other factors are occupied 10%.A typical Phalaenopsis variety is cooled in this country. The typical index are:
. After six weeks’ cooling, ALI=0.985, FUI=1.0 and HC=1.0.The spiking percentage is:
= 98.05% (9)
For the Taiwan orchid industry, the cooling temperature is main factor.
The spiking model used in Taiwan is:
(10)That is, the temperature accumulation lies at 70%, and light intensity has 20% influencing ability, fertilization concentration have 8% influencing capacity and 2% for Hormone.
For the amabilis variety, the index are:
, By equation (10),Table 1. Environmental factors of different stages for several main
Phalaenopsis varieties
| Data sources: Culture Guide of Floricultura b.v. |
Big white variety: V3 | Small white variety: amabilis |
variety: Hsin-Yen Beauty |
variety: Fortune Saltzman |
variety: Queen Beer |
||
| I. Growing Stage |
1.Tdg 2.Tng 3.Light |
28℃ 26℃ 4500-6000 lux |
28-32℃ 23-25℃ 23000 lux |
24-30℃ 22-24℃ 16000 lux |
26-30℃ 19-26℃ 18000 lux |
24-30℃ 18-22℃ 15000 lux |
28-32℃ 20-23℃ 15000 lux |
| Ⅱ. Pretreatment | 1.Tdp 2.Tnp 3.Light |
28℃ 26℃ 4500-6000 lux |
30-34℃ 23-25℃ 28000 lux |
28-32℃ 22-24℃ 20000 lux |
28-32℃ 19-26℃ 21000 lux |
28-30℃ 21-22℃ 18000 lux |
30-32℃ 20-23℃ 18000 lux |
| Ⅲ. Spiking | 1.Tdc 2.Tnc 3.Light |
20℃ 18℃ 7000-8000 lux |
20-24℃ 17-22℃ 26000 lux |
18-22℃ 18-20℃ 18000 lux |
18-24℃ 17-19℃ 20000 lux |
18-20℃ 17-18℃ 16000 lux |
20-24℃ 18-19℃ 16000 lux |
| Ⅳ. Spike extending |
1.Tde 2.Tne 3.Light |
23℃ 20℃ 6000 lux |
22-26℃ 17-22℃ 23000 lux |
20-24℃ 18-22℃ 18000 lux |
18-24℃ 17-19℃ 18000 lux |
18-22℃ 17-18℃ 16000 lux |
20-24℃ 18-19℃ 16000 lux |
| Ⅴ. Blossoming | 1.Tdb 2.Tnb 3.Light |
23℃ 20℃ 6000 lux |
20-24℃ 18-22℃ 22000 lux |
20-24℃ 18-22℃ 16000 lux |
18-23℃ 17-19℃ 18000 lux |
18-20℃ 17-18℃ 15000 lux |
20-22℃ 18-19℃ 15000 lux |
Note: 1. Growing temperature at day and night, Tdg, Tng.
2. Pretreatment temperature at day and night, Tdp, Tnp.
3. Cooling temperature at day and night, Tdc, Tnc.
4. Spike extension temperature at day and night, Tde, Tne.
5. Blossoming temperature at day and night, Tdb, Tnb.
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Date: 2015-06-29 07:47, source: Professor Chiachung Chen, Ph. D. Biosystems Engineering Laboratory National ChungHsing University 250 KuoKuang Rd., Taichung, Taiwan 40227 Tel: 886-4-22857562, Fax: 886-4-22857135 Web site: bse.nchu.edu.tw Email: ccchen@dragon.nchu.edu.tw